Indrail Pass offer visitors on a budget, the facility to travel as they like, over the entire Indian Railway system without any route restriction within the period of validity of the ticket. These pass can only be purchased by foreign nationals and NRI's on payment of US Dollars, Pound Sterling or any other convertible foreign currencies. In India, it is the CPV (Consular Passport & Visa) Division of the Ministry of External Affairs that is responsible for issuing passport. There are 37 passport offices across the country and numerous embassies and consulates overseas to authorize the issuing of passports to the NRIs.
Indian Standard Time | |
---|---|
UTC offset | |
IST | UTC+05:30 |
Current time | |
09:00, 22 June 2019 IST[refresh] | |
Observance of DST | |
DST is not observed in this time zone. |
Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time observed throughout India, with a time offset of UTC+05:30. India does not observe daylight saving time (DST) or other seasonal adjustments. In military and aviation time IST is designated E* ('Echo-Star').[1]
Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.5' E longitude, in Mirzapur (Amravati Chauraha), Uttar Pradesh, which is nearly on the corresponding longitude reference line.[2]
History[edit]
After independence in 1947, the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time (known as Calcutta Time and Bombay Time) until 1948 and 1955, respectively.[3] The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort in Prayagraj district, so that it would be as close to UTC+05:30 as possible.[citation needed]
Daylight Saving Time (DST) was used briefly during the China–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971.[4]
Criticism and proposals[edit]
The country's east–west distance of more than 2,933 kilometres (1,822 mi) covers over 29 degrees of longitude, resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier on India's eastern border than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west. Inhabitants of the northeastern states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise and avoid the extra consumption of energy after daylight hours.[5]
In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones; the recommendations were not adopted.[5][6]
In 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving.[5] The findings of the committee, which were presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology, Kapil Sibal, did not recommend changes to the unified system, stating that 'the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station, and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large.'[7]
Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones, provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area.[8] In Assam, tea gardens follow a separate time zone, known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time ('Tea Garden Time'), which is one hour ahead of IST.[9] Still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time.
The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a separate time zone (daylight saving time) for the past 25 years. In 2010, he suggested creating a separate time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region.[10]In 2014, Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam and other northeastern states of India.[11] However, the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India.
In June 2017, Department of Science and Technology (DST) indicated that they are once again studying feasibility of two time-zones for India. Proposals for creating an additional Eastern India Time (EIT at UTC+06:00, shifting default IST to UTC+05:00 and Daylight saving (Indian Daylight Time for IST and Eastern India Daylight Time for EIT) starting on 14 April (Ambedkar Jayanti) and ending on 2 October (Gandhi Jayanti) was submitted to DST for consideration.[12]
Time signals[edit]
Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, for both commercial and official use. The signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time.
Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include:
- High frequency broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond;
- Indian National Satellite System satellite-based standard time and frequency broadcast service, which offers IST correct to ±10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ±10−10; and
- Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of pico- and nanoseconds time interval frequency counters and phase recorders.
IST is taken as the standard time as it passes through almost the centre of India. To communicate the exact time to the people, the exact time is broadcast over the national All India Radio and Doordarshan television network. Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time. Another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.[13]
See also[edit]
- Time zone (lists)
References[edit]
- ^'Military and Civilian Time Designations'. Greenwich Mean Time. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
- ^'Two-timing India'. Hindustan Times. 4 September 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^'Odds and Ends'. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
- ^'India Time Zones'. Greenwich Mean Time. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
- ^ abcSen, Ayanjit (21 August 2001). 'India investigates different time zones'. BBC News. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
- ^S. Muthiah (24 September 2012). 'A matter of time'. The Hindu. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
- ^'Standard Time for Different Regions'. Department of Science and Technology. 22 July 2004. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
- ^'A matter of time'. National Resource Centre for Women. Archived from the original on 19 March 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
- ^Rahul Karmakar (24 September 2012). 'Change clock to bagantime'. Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^'Gogoi for separate time zone for Assam - Times of India'. The Times of India. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^'India could get second time zone with Assam one hour ahead'. ndtv.com.
- ^'Government assessing feasibility of different time zones in India'. The Economic Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^'Satellites for Navigation'. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
External links[edit]
- Evaluating two timezones and Daylight Saving Time for India, by Viral Shah & Vikram Aggarwal.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Standard_Time&oldid=899919048'
A mountain pass locally is the highest point on the route through a mountain range or over the ridge. It played an important role in trade, war, and migration. It also known as notches, gaps, saddles, cols, hauses, bwlch (Welsh), bealach or brennig (Gaelic). Important passes are- Zoji La (Pass),Banihal Pass, Shipki La (Pass),Bara-Lacha Pass, Rohtang Pass, Mana Pass, Niti Pass, Nathu La (Pass),Jalep La (Pass) etc.
Important Passes in India
• Zoji La (Pass)-It is in the Zaskar range of Jammu & Kashmir. The road route from Srinagar to Leh goes through this pass. It has been created by the Indus River.
• Banihal Pass-It is in Jammu & Kashmir. The National Highway NO.1 A that links Srinagar to Jammu goes through it. It has been created by the Indus River.
• Shipki La (Pass)-It is in Himachal Pradesh. The road from Shimla to Tibet goes through this pass. The Satluj River flows through this pass.
• Bara-Lacha Pass-It is also in Himachal Pradesh. It links Mandi and Leh by road.
• Rohtang Pass-It is also in Himachal Pradesh. It cuts through the Pir Panjal range. It links Manali and Leh by road.
• Mana Pass-It is in Uttarakhand. The land route to the Kailash and the Manasarovar passes through it.
• Niti Pass-It is also in Uttarakhand. The road to the Kailash and the Manasarovar passes through it.
• Nathu La (Pass)-It is in Sikkim. It gives way to Tibet from Darjeeling and Chumbi valley.
• Jalep La (Pass)-It is also in Sikkim and gives way to Bhutan. The Tista River has created this pass.
Mountain Passes in India
Name | State | Height (ft) | Between/ Separating |
Asirgarh | Madhya Pradesh | ||
Auden's Col | Uttarakhand | 17,552 | |
Banihal Pass | Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir) | 9,291 | Jammu & Kashmir |
Bara-lacha-la | Himachal Pradesh | 16,400 | |
Bomdila | Arunachal Pradesh | ||
Changla Pass | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 17,585 | Leh & Changthang |
Chanshal Pass | Himachal Pradesh | 14,830 | |
Dehra Compass | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | ||
Debsa Pass | Himachal Pradesh | 17,520 | |
Diphu Pass | Arunachal Pradesh | 4,587 | |
Dongkhala | Sikkim | 12,000 | |
Dhumdhar Kandi Pass | Uttarakhand | ||
Fotu La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 13,451 | |
Goecha La | Sikkim | 16,207 | |
Haldighati Pass | Rajasthan | ||
Indrahar Pass | Himachal Pradesh | 14,473 | |
Jelep La | Sikkim | 14,300 | |
Khardung La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 17,582 | Leh & Nubra |
Kongka Pass | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 16,965 | Ladakh & Aksai Chin |
Lanak Pass | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 17,933 | Ladakh & Tibet |
Kunzum Pass | Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul and Spiti) | 14,931 | Lahaul & Spiti |
Karakoram Pass | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | Ladakh & Xinjiang | |
Lipulekh Pass | Uttarakhand | 17,500 | |
Lungalacha La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 16,600 | |
Lamkhaga Pass | Himachal Pradesh | 17,336 | |
Marsimik La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 18,314 | |
Mayali Pass | Uttarakhand | 16,371 | |
Nama Pass | Uttarakhand | 18,399 | |
Namika La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 12,139 | |
Nathu La | Sikkim | 14,140 | Sikkim & Tibet |
Palakkad Gap | Kerala | 750 | Kerala & Tamil Nadu |
Thamarassery Pass | Wayanad Kerala | 1,700 | Malabar & Mysore |
Shenkottai pass | Kollam Kerala | 690 | Travancore & Tamil Nadu |
Pensi La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | ||
Rezang La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | ||
Rohtang Pass | Himachal Pradesh | 13,051 | Manali & Lahaul |
Sasser la | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 17,753 | Nubra & Siachen Glacier |
Sela Pass | Arunachal Pradesh | 14,000 | |
Shipki La | Himachal Pradesh | ||
Sia La | Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen Glacier) | 18,337 | |
Shingo La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | ||
Spangur Gap | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | ||
Gyong La | Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen Glacier) | 18,655 | |
Bilafond La | Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen Glacier) | 17,881 | |
Sin La | Uttarakhand | ||
Tanglang La | Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) | 17,583 | |
Traill's Pass | Uttarakhand | 17,100 | |
Zojila Pass | Jammu and Kashmir (Kashmir, Ladakh) | 12,400 | Kashmir & Ladakh |
Read more:Passes in India , Mountain Passes in India , notches , gaps , saddles , cols , hauses , and bwlch (Welsh) , bealach or brennig (Gaelic).